![](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/00C-Introduction.webp)
01 Rise & Fall of Empires
Thucydides Trap – Rising & Declining Power • Thucydides Trap & China • Signs of Decline • Napoleon – Comment on letting China Sleep
![Thucydides Trap, Graham Allison, Napoleon, Peloponnesian War, Athens, Sparta, U.S. & China](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/01-Empires-1.webp)
Rise & Decline of Recent Empires
Decline of China • Rise and Decline of the British Empire • Rise of the US – The Empire of Liberty • Decline of the European Union • China’s Reawakening as Predicted by Napoleon in 1817 • Longevity of Modern Empires
Napoleon, in 1817, said…“Let China sleep, for when she wakes, she will shake the World” … “in a war with China, Britain would doubtlessly, at first, succeed” … “but China will learn from these defeats” … “and decide to render themselves equal to them and build a fleet that will eventually defeat their Western adversaries.”
![Decline, Rise, Modern Empires, British Empire, China, U.S. Empire, USSR, Russia Empire, Relative GDPs, Nixon Gold Standard, Opium Wars](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/01-Empires-2.webp)
Longevity of Past Empires Lasting 100s to 1000s of Years
![List of Empires, Carthage, Armenia, Chola, Pandyan, Parthia](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/01-Empires-4-Horizontal.jpg.webp)
02 Origins of Gold
Extraterrestrial Origin • Deposits on Earth • Gold vs. Silver in the Earth’s Crust • Price of Gold & Silver • Tectonic Subduction & Gold Deposits • Volcanic Eruptions
![Molten Earth, Gold Extraterrestrial, Gold Meteor Shower, Moon Craters](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/02-Origin-of-Gold-p13-14-1-cropped.jpg.webp)
![Gold:Silver Ratio, Price of Silver, Earth’s Crust](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/02-Origin-of-Gold-p15-17.webp)
Agricola, Carlin-Trend Gold Deposit.
Agricola’s Mining Book 1500s • Silver Mining • Revival of Coinage • Silver Thaler •
Precursor to the Maria Theresa Thaler,Spanish Peso – Piece of Eight, Spanish Dollar, US Silver Dollar, etc.
![Agricola, Georg Bauer, Minerology, Joachimstalthaler, Silver Thaler, Geology](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/02-Origin-of-Gold-p18-19.webp)
![Carlin Trend Map, Carlin Camp, Open Pit Mine Map, Gold Deposit](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/02-Origin-of-Gold-p21-22.webp)
03 Bacteria, Insects & Gold
Gold deposition • Gold Chloride & Gold Thiosulphate • Deactivating Toxins • Biofilm of Bacteria • Insects & Finding Gold
![Bacteria Gold Deposition](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/03-Bacteria-2.webp)
![Insects & Finding Gold, Plants, Ants, Debris](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/03-Bacteria-3.webp)
Mineral Deposits
04 Magic of Gold
Magic of Gold – Physical & Chemical Properties
Physical Characteristics & Chemical Properties • Periodic Table • Specific Gravity • Noble Metals
![Nome Beach Gold, Alaska Gold, Gold Rush, McCord Museum, Herbert Hoover Gold, Aurum](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/04-Magic-of-Gold-p27-29.webp)
Purity of Gold, Hallmark, Testing Gold, Weights & Scales.
Gold Alloys • Assay • Weighting • Purity • Hallmark • Gold Bars • Jewelry • Gold Leaf • Testing of Gold & Silver • Mercury • Quicksilver • Touchstone • Placer Gold • Acid Streak Test • Touchstone • Casting
![Hallmark, Roman Silver Bar, Gold Leaf, Johnson Matthey, US Assay Bar, Fine Silver Ingot
Weights & Scales](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/04-Magic-of-Gold-p30.webp)
Weights & Scales
Weights • Precision Scales • Balances • Building a Balance • Analytical Balance • Electronic Scales
![Weights, Scales, Precision Balance](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/04-Magic-of-Gold-p32.webp)
05 Alchemy
Alchemy & Gold
Theory of Transmutation • Elixir of Life • History of Alchemy • Four Spirits • Six Bodies • Sulfur • Mercury • Prima Materia • Purification • Aquafortis • Retort • Classification of Minerals • Paracelsus • Glauber • Albertus Magnus • Thomas Aquinas • Roger Bacon • Sir Francis Bacon • Sir Isaac Newton • Exorcism
![Alchemy, Scientific Method, Mercury](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/05-Alchemy-1-1.webp)
06 Coining
Coining – Casting & Striking
Augustus Saint-Gaudens • Striking • Casting • Forgery of Coins • Chinese Tree Money – Cash • Knife Money • Metal Nomenclature – Aurum (AU gold), Argentum (AG silver), Electrum (EL gold-silver) • John Hull – First Colonial Mint • Hoards • Coining Glossary
![Coin Production, Coin Minting, Augustus Saint-Gaudens Gold Coin, Milling](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/06-Coining-1.webp)
Striking Coins – Greece, Rome & Middle Ages
Striking Coins – Greece, Ptolemaic Egypt, Rome & Middle Ages • Aluminum Coins • Dumps • Mint Marks • Countermarks • Overstrike • Seigniorage • Counterfeiting • Electrotypes • False Dies • Die Production • US Mint Coin Production
![Striking Coins, Goldsmith, Die, Anvil, Hammer, Mallet, Balance, Coin, Forgery, Casting, Bronze, Paestum](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/06-Coining-3.webp)
07 Pre-Coin
Stone Age • Copper – Bronze Age • Iron Age • Value of Copper & Iron • Rise of Silver & Gold • Pre-Coin Chronology • Babylon • Silver Pieces • Samarian • Minoan • Mycenaean • Egypt • Chinese Cast Bronze • Irish Celt Gold Rings • Ramses the Great • Sea People, Collapse of Civilizations • Oldest Gold Mine • Cyprus & Copper • Cowrie Shell Money • Iron Wire • Nails • Wampum
![Pre-coin, Stone Age, Arrowhead Money, Stone Tools, Bronze Age](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/07-PreCoin-1.webp)
08 First Coins
Amazons • Lydia, Croesus • Electrum • Persia • Anatolia • Aristotle – What is Money? • Ancient Greeks • Coining Privileges • Gold vs. Silver • Material Used as Coins • Tea Brick Money • Salt • Leather • 2700 years of Chinese Coins • Knife Money • Jade Disks • Ban Liang Coins
![First Coins, Lydia, Pactolos River, Electrum, Herodotus, Amazons, Croesus, Alyattes, Trojan Wars, Mermnad Dynasty](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/08-First-Coins.webp)
09 Athens “Owl”
Athens Rise & Fall – Owl
Athens Rise & Fall • Aegina – Turtle Coin • Solon & Populist Tyranny • Archaic Silver Coins • Greco-Persian Wars • Stater • Delian League • Athenian Empire • Pericles & Long Walls • Athenian Hegemony • Peloponnesian War • Athenian Plague • Sicilian Expedition & Defeat • Debasement of Owl Coins • Persian Gold Bribes • Arcadian League • End of Athenian Owl & Introduction of “Fiat” Bronze Coins
![Athenian Owl, Silver Tetradrachma, Athena Goddess, Greek Helmet, Pallas Athene, Minerva, Hegemon, First Trade Currency](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/09-Athens-p55-CHANGE-copy.jpg.webp)
Rise of Macedonia
Macedonia’s Rise • Philip II • Corinthian (Hellenic) League Dominates Greek City States • Alexander the Great • Alexander’s Silver Tetradrachm replaces Owl as Trade Coin • Death of Alexander • Alexander Successor Coinage
![Death of Alexander, Athenian Coins, Mithradates VI, Pallas Athena, Hellenistic Age](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/09-Athens-p61-62.webp)
10 Greek Cities & Carthage
Ancient Chronology • Asia Minor • Ionia • Isle of Rhodes • Central Greece • Illyria • Peloponnesus • Corinth • Northern Greece • Macedonia • Thrace • Thasos • Rhodes • Black Sea • Istros • Magna Graecia • Tyre • Phoenicia • Kyrene • Punic War • Arabia • Hellenistic Age
![Greek City States Map, Carthage Punic War Coin, Syracuse, Magna Graecia, Hispania Citerior, Greece Map](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/10-GreekCity-States-p63-65.webp)
Sicily, Syracuse, Carthage
Silver Coinage • Sicily • Syracuse • Carthage • Iberian Mines • Roman Expansion & Start of Roman Silver Coinage
![Sicily Coins, Syracuse Coins, Carthage Coins, Peloponnesian War, Athenian Empire](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/10-GreekCity-States-p66-69.webp)
11 Alexander the Great & Successors
Macedon Kingdom Coins • Alexander I • Alexander II • Philip II • Alexander III • Invasion of Asia Minor • Battle of Granicus • Defeat of Darius III • Alexander’s Silver Tetradrachm & Alexandrine Coins become Trade Coins for 300 Years.
![Alexander the Great Coins, Alexandrine Trade Coins, Macedonian Kingdom, Macedonia, Darius III, Persia, Cyrus the Great, Alexander III](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/11-Alexander-Succ-p70-71.webp)
Alexander the Great Trade Currency
Alexander’s Silver Tetradrachm Trade Coin • Young Heracles • Persia • Alexander’s Empire & Alexandrine Coins
![Alexander the Great, Silver Tetradrachm, Alexander’s Empire, Alexandrine Coin,](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/11-Alexander-Succ-p72-73.webp)
Post Alexander the Great Coins
Diadochoi – Successor Dynasties Hellenistic Kingdoms • Thrace – Lysimachos • Bithynia • Seleucid Empire • Parthian Empire • Bactrian Empire • Tyre Silver Teradrachm – Shekels
![Macedonian Kingdom, Demetrios Poliorketes, Lysimachos Coin, Thrace coin, Diadochoi, Ptolemy, Persian Empire, Hellenistic Kingdoms](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/11-Alexander-Succ-p74-75.webp)
Ptolemaic Egypt
Ptolemy I Soter Satrap & Pharaoh • Gold Stater • Pompey • Cleopatra • Caesar • Antony • Octavian • Battle of Actium
![Ptolemy Coins, Ptolemy I Soter Coin, Ptolemy Coins, Cleopatra Coin, Tyre Coin](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/11-Alexander-Succ-p76-77.webp)
12 The Celts
Celtic Coins
Silver Tetradrachm Copies • Danube Celts • Dacia • Maroneia • Gallic Celts • Gaul • Lutetia • Parisii • Philip II Celtic Copies • Gold Stater • Caesar’s Invasion of Gaul • Trajan Dacian Wars
![Celt Coins, Danubian Celt Coins, Celtic Coins, Gaul, Philip II Coin, Celtic Barbarian Europe](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/12-Celts.webp)
13 Roman Republic
Roman Republic – Rise of Empire
Etruscans • Romulus & Remus Rome’s Founding Fathers • Kingdom & Republic Chronology • Gauls Sack Rome • Copper & Brass Money • Aes Rude • Aes Grave • Asses
![Founding of Rome, Rise of Roman Republic, Romulus & Remus, Founding Father Story, Fasces, Aes Signatum, Aes Grave](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/13-RomeRepub-p80-83.webp)
New Coinage & Chronology
Silver Victoriatus • Silver Denarius • Gold Scripulum • Gold Victoriatus • The Mint – Juno Moneta • Pontifex Maxumus • Punic Wars – Carthage – Hannibal • Social Structure – Social Wars – Slavery • Italia Revolt • Propaganda Coins • Gaius Marius • Sulla • Optimates vs. Populares • Pompey the Great • Pirates Sack Rome’s Port – Rome’s 9/11 • Pompey – Limitless power to solve pirate “problem”
![Silver Denarius, Roman Drachm, Litra, Silver Victoriatus, Punic War, As, Etruria, Gold Scripulum, Quadrigati, Aereus](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/13-RomeRepub-p84-86.webp)
Social Wars – Caesar in Rome
Civil Strife • Caesar Pontifex Maximus • First Triumvirate • Caesar & Gallic Wars • Caesar in Rome • Civil War – Caesar vs. Pompey • Caesar & Cleopatra • Populist Caesar in Rome • Caesar’s Propaganda Coins • Octavian Adopted by Caesar
![Social Wars, Caesar’s Triumph, Caesar Pontifex Maximus, Caesar enters Italy](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/13-RomeRepub-p92-93.webp)
Death of Caesar & Brutus & End of Republic
Caesar’s Regicide by Brutus – Tyrannicide • Triumvir Civil War • Propaganda Coins • Ides of March Coin • Defeat of Brutus • Octavian Kills Old Families – sells their properties for gold to make coins to increase the Money Supply • Octavian Eliminates Rivals & Becomes Emperor Augustus • New Coins stabilize the Economy • Pax Augustus on the Mediterranean • Start of Roman Empire
![Tyrannicide Coins, Caesar Regicide, Brutus, Cassius, Ides of March Coin, Eid Mar Coin, Liberty Cap, Phrygian Cap, Silver Denarius, Jupiter](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/13-RomeRepub-p94-96.webp)
Antony & Cleopatra Coin
Octavian defeats Mark Antony & Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium • Battle of Actium Silver Legion Coin struck from Silver supplied by Cleopatra.
![Mark Antony Coin, Cleopatra Coin, Battle of Actium, Legion Coins, Augustus, End of Republic, Death of Antony & Cleopatra](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/13-RomeRepub-p94-96-1.webp)
14 Roman Empire
Roman Empire Augustus
Octavian – Emperor Augustus quality Gold & Silver Coins • Propaganda on Augustan Coins – CAESAR DIVI F(ilius) & IMP(erator) • Bronze Sestertius • Foundation of Roman Empire • Iberia Silver Refining & Pollution in Greenland • Gladiators: Entertainment for the Masses
![Roman Empire, Octavian Coin, Augustus Coin, Egypt Capta Coin, Augustus Statue, Roman Egypt, Bronze Sestertius Coin, Bronze Sestertius SC Coin](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/14-RomeEmpire-p99-101.jpg.webp)
Roman Banking System
High Interest Loans to Poor• Caesar’s Debt & Cisalpine Gaul • Social Unrest – Loan Forgiveness • Continuous War with Parthia/Sassanians that lasts nearly 700 Years • China – Mediterranean Silk Road brings Silks, China, Spices, etc to Rome • Tiberius lacking Metal overstrikes Augustan Coins
![Roman Banking System, Tiberius Coin, Germanicus Coin, Gaius Caligula Coin, Gladiators](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/14-RomeEmpire-p102-104.webp)
Trajan – Peak of Empire
Herodotus • Dacian leader Burebista & Decebalus • Asian Steps • Massive Gold & Silver booty from Dacia • Precious metal coining increases the Money Supply causing Inflation • Peak of Roman Empire
![Trajan Dacia Coin, Dacian War, Trajan crosses Danube, Trajan Augur, Second Dacian War](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/14-RomeEmpire-p105.webp)
Decline of Empire
Lack of Gold & Silver Coin • Hadrian • Antoninus Pius • Septimius Severus • Further Decline & Debasement of Silver Denarius • Elite Accumulate Estates run by Slaves & refuse to Pay Taxes • The Elite Families assume Government Positions to the Benefit of their Families
![Decline of Roman Empire, Aelius Coin, Antoninus Coin, Septimius Coin](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/14-RomeEmpire-p106-107.webp)
Debasement of Silver Denarii
Division of Empire • Solidus & Money supply Problems • 0.02% Silver Billion Coins replace Silver Coins • “From an Empire of Gold to one of Rust & Iron” • Debasement of Declining Empire Currency • Barbarian Incursions & Tribute in Gold Coins • Roman Empire’s Population Collapse • Gold Stater
![Debasement of Silver Denarii Coins, Debasement of US Dollar, Rome’s Population Collapse, Gold Stater](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/14-RomeEmpire-p108-110.webp)
Barbarians Enter Empire
German Tribes cross Frozen Rhine • Economic Decay • Rome’s Army hires Barbarians Mercenaries for their Elite Legions • Decline of Roman Mining • Barbarian Pressures
![Barbarians on the Move, Roman Gaul, Germanic Tribes join Roman Army](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/14-RomeEmpire-p111-113.webp)
Elites Dominate & Decline
Greed & Corruption of Elite • Irrigation Systems not Maintained • Spread of Malaria South of Rome • Roman Government Moves to Milan • Roman Church under Pope rules Rome • Western Empire withers Away • Frequent Pandemics • Plague of Justinian
![Great Plague of Justinian, Roman Birth Rate Collapse, Decline & Collapse of Rome, Eternal Rome](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/14-RomeEmpire-p114-115.webp)
15 Judaea
Judaea Capta Coins
Judaea Chronology • Levant • Canaanites • Sea Peoples • Simon Maccabeus • Seleucid King of Syria • Pompey the Great Invades Jerusalem • Silver Shekel Coin • Temple Money • Vespasian • Jewish-Roman Wars • Flavius Josephus • Bar Kokhba Revolt • Destruction of Temple • Judaea Capta Coins • Arch of Titus • Kitos War
![Judaea Chronology, Judea Capta Coin, Vespasian Judea Capta Coin, Shekel Coin, Simon Maccabeus Shekel Coin, Arch of Titus Rome Triumphal Procession, Jewish Roman Wars, Kitos War, Bar Kokhba Revolt](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/15-Judaea-1.webp)
16 Byzantine Empire
Byzantine Empire – Solidus Coin
Diocletian Divides Empire • Diocletian persecution of Christians • Silver Coin Debasement • Constantine the Great & New Rome • Labarum • Monetary Reforms • Constantine seizes Precious Metals from Pagan Temples • Constantine adopts Christianity • Nicaean Christianity • Gold Solidus Trade Currency
![Eastern Roman Empire, Constantinople, Solidus, Byzant, Constantine & Licinius, New Rome, Byzantine Empire Map, Kingdom of Theodoric Map, Vandals, Constantine Monetary Reforms, Precious Metal Confiscation, Labarum Standard, Roman Legion Eagle Standard](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/16-Byzant-p119.webp)
Fall of Byzantium
Byzantine Gold Coins • Eastern Orthodox Church • Roman Church • Crusades • Civil Wars • Ottoman Turks • Byzantine Civil Service • Byzantium Major Slave Trading Port • Diplomacy a Form of Warfare • Shift of Power to Ottomans • Fall of Constantinople 1453 • Ottomans Successors to Roman Empire • Mehmed II; “Kaysar-i Rum” • Vlad III – Dracula “the Impaler” – Voivode of Wallachia
![Fourth Crusade, Rise of Ottoman Empire, Fall of Constantinople 1453](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/16-Byzant-p122-123.webp)
17 Muslim Empires – Gold Dinar
Decline of Byzantium • Muhammad • Spread of Islam • Sassanian Empire Falls • Constantinople Falls • Centuries of Conflict • Arabs take Spain • Arabs confront Franks • Arabs confront Chinese • Gold Dinar Trade Currency • Mongol Empire – Genghis Khan • Mali Empire Gold • China Yuan Dynasty 1271-1366 – Kubli Khan • Crusades • Ottoman Empire (Osman I) – 1299-1922 – Over 600 Years • Mogul Empire – 1526-1857 • Shah Abbas the Great • Timur Tamerlane
![Muslim Empires, Gold Dinar Coin, Seljuks Map, Mohammed, Arab Islam Expansion Map, Medina Map](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/17-Moslem-1.webp)
18 Dark & Middle Ages
Late Antiquity c311-c565 • Dark Ages c565-1000 • Rise of Nation States c1000-c1200 • Late Middle Ages c1200-c1453 • Lack of Metal – Decline of Coinage • Feudal System – Nobility under Allegiance to a King hold Estates • Estates are worked by indentured serfs • Gold Florin • Gold Ducat • Goldsmith • Gold Bezant
![Dark Ages, Middle Ages, Late Antiquity, Rise of Nation States, Florence Florin Coin, Venice Gold Ducat Coin, Gold Florin Coin](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/18-MiddleAge-300-1500-p127.webp)
Charlemagne Standard Coins
Monetary Reforms • Revival of Silver Coinage • Charlemagne’s Silver Denier & English Silver Penny adopted by Offa, King of Mercia • Arab Gold Dinar • Chinese Paper Receipts • Medieval Mining
![Charlemagne Coin, Charlemagne Monetary System, Holy Roman Empire, Death of Charlemagne 814 Map, Muslim Territories Map, Austrasia Map, Neustria Map](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/18-MiddleAge-300-1500-p128-129.webp)
Nation States & International Banking
Prospecting & Revival of Mining • Banking/Pawnshops • Knights Templar “bankers” – First Multinational Organization • Letters of Credit • Moneyer – Coin Maker • Gold Augustale – First major Gold Coin • Emergence of Florentine (Florin), Genovese (Genovino), & Venetian (Ducat) Gold Trade Coins • Export of Silver Coins to Muslim Areas • Coins & Commerce
![Birth of Nation States, Knights Templar Banking, Knights Templar Multinational Organization](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/18-MiddleAge-300-1500-p130-131.webp)
Bank Monopolies & Gold:Silver Manipulation
Bank Monopolies – financing seed for farmers – control canal barges • Gold Florin • Republic of Venice & Gold Ducat • Gold Replaces Silver as Monetary Unit • Italian Bankers Dominate • Emergence of Nation States • Mini-Ice Age • Great Famine • Currency Speculation • Genoese War • Bullion Ducats
![Mini Ice Age, European Famine, Bank Collapse, Black Death, Gold:Silver Ratio Manipulation, Venetian Gold:Silver Ratio, Farming](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/18-MiddleAge-300-1500-p133-135.jpg.webp)
Black Death
Population Peak of Europe • Banking Speculation & Collapse • Economic Depression • Gold:Silver Ratio Manipulation • Bullion Famine • Black Death leads to a Power Shift to Towns • Power shift from landed Estates helps develop industrial wealth leading to Capitalism & the Renaissance
![Florentine Bank Collapse, European Financial Crash, Black Death 1348-1350, Bubonic Plague, Italian City States Banking Regulations, Banking Speculation](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/18-MiddleAge-300-1500-p133-135.webp)
Medici Bank
Banks go Bankrupt • Boccaccio, Decameron & Black Death • Medici Bank & Florence • Precious Metal Famine • Portuguese off Gold Coast • Fall of Constantinople • Renaissance • Edward IV raises the value of Gold & Silver Coins by 25% • Florence Issues “light” Florin • Venetian Ducat becomes Trade Currency • Mali Gold transits Sahara to Europe
![Giovanni Boccaccio Decameron, “Eat, Drink, and make merry for tomorrow you may die”, Medici Bank Florence, Capitalism](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/18-MiddleAge-300-1500-p136-137-1.webp)
Revival of Mining
Discovery of Silver Lodes • New Mining Technology • Sala Silver Mine Sweden • Underground Mining in Saxony • Panning & Sluice • Ventilation in Mine • Fire Setting • Drift Mining • Pumping • Water Wheels • Crushing – Grinding • Stamps to Pulverize Gold Ore
![Agricola, Discovery of Deposits, Mining Images, Placer Deposits, Sala Silver Mine Coin](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/18-MiddleAge-300-1500-p136-137-2.webp)
19 Golden Age of Spain
Crown Royal Silver & Gold Royalty on Mining • Numerous Spanish Bankruptcies • Spain never industrialized because it received “free” gold and silver from the Americas. Gold & Silver were Commodities • Resource misallocation by using MMT (minting debased coin) to finance the government. • American Silver was Shipped to China for Luxury Goods • Decline of Spain
![Golden Age of Spain, Spanish Bankruptcies, Columbus, Ferdinand & Isabella, Flat Earth Sea Monster](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/19-SpainEurope-1-change.jpg.webp)
20 Spanish America
Spanish America – Silver & Gold
Columbus • New World Gold & Silver • Increase of Money Supply • Transatlantic Trade – Slaves, Sugar, Gold & Silver • Aztecs • Montezuma • Incas • Inca Quipus • Quechua Indian- Poma de Ayala • Inflation • Cinnabar – Mercury • Silver Coins – Cobs, Peso (Eight Reales, Carolus Dollar, Spanish Dollar, International Trade Currency, Eight Bites) • Spanish dollars in China – Chop Marks – Cuban Inlets & Pirates
![Spanish America Map, Aztec Empire Map, Inca Empire Map, Cortez, Pizarro Map, Death of Montezuma](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/20-SpainAmerica-p143-1.webp)
Treasure Fleet
Treasure Fleet Dateline • Hurricanes • El Morro Castle • Punto Castle • El Principe Fort • British Attack • Cuba • Chain across Havana Harbor • Shipwrecks • El Cazador Treasure • Mexico • Isthmus of Panama • English, Dutch, & French Privateers • Spanish Colonial Revolutions • Maximilian
![Spanish Treasure Fleet, El Motto Castle, British Attack Havana, Pirates, Spanish Silver Dollar, Spanish Peso, 8 Reales, Cob Coin, Inca Quipus, The Indies, El Principe Fort Havana, Portuguese Brazil, Havana Map](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/20-SpainAmerica-p146-147.webp)
21 Pirates & Privateers
History of Piracy – Greece, Rome, Britain • Pirate Attack on Rome’s Port (Ostia) – Rome’s 9/11 – contributes to collapse of Roman Republic • Pompey the Great • Middle Age Pirates • Barbarossa • Sir Francis Drake • Pieter Pietrezoon Heyn • Captain Henry Jennings • Jacques de Sores • Barbary Pirates & US Marines • Chinese Pirates • Japanese Pirates
![Spanish Treasure Fleet, Pirates & Privateers, History of Piracy, Greek Pirates, Roman Pirates, Chinese Pirates, Sir Francis Drake, Barbary Pirates, US Marines](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/21-Pirates-1.webp)
22 Age of Discovery 1500-1600s
Scramble to Find Colonies for their Wealth • Spanish New World Mints • Patio Process • Potosi – Silver Mountain • Charles V Empire
![Age of Discovery, Spanish Mints, Colonial Expansion](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/22-1500-1600s-Dis-p154-155.webp)
Silver Thaler: International Trade
Maria Theresa Thaler – Middle East & Africa • Silver from America increases Money Supply followed by Debt & Bankruptcy • da Vinci Coining Ideas • Siege Money during Warfare • Blondeau’s Milling Process to expose Clipping • Britain relies on Privateers to obtain Gold & Silver for Coining • Naval Power Shifts to Britain by using Pirates • Economist Jean Bodin – Inflation Theory • Gresham’s Law – Good is Displaced by Bad • First National Central Bank – Bank of Sweden – Riksbank • Mercantilism
![Silver Thaler Coin Die, Maria Theresa Thaler, Economist Jean Bodin, Siege Money, Gresham’s Law, Clipping, Bank of Sweden, Riksbank](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/22-1500-1600s-Dis-p156-157.webp)
Bank of Amsterdam
Spain’s Wealth & Inflation • First National Central Bank – Bank of Sweden • Bank of Amsterdam • Tulip Mania • Kipper-und Wipperzeit – Debasing Coins – Financial Meltdown – Debasement of Silver Coins • Thirty Years War • Explosion of Debt • Nation States
![Bank of Amsterdam, Bank Money, Tulip Mania, Dutch Republic, Kipper-und Wipperzeit, Mercantilism, Thirty Years War, Silver Ducatoon Coin, Clipping, Gresham’s Law, Dutch East India Company](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/22-1500-1600s-Dis-p158-160.webp)
23 Bankrupt Nations Print Money 1700s
Quantitative Easing = Printing Paper Money = Inflation
John Law – France Louis XV – Duc d’Orleans – Adam Smith – Banque Royale – Compagnie de l’Occident – Ecu de Banque – Stock Market Collapse
American Revolutionary War – Congress – Continentals – “Not Worth a Continental”
French Revolution – Louis XVI – États- Généraux – Montesquieu – Voltaire – Bourbons – Guillotine – Marie Antoinette – Tale of Two Cities
New France – Playing Card Money
![Bankrupt Nations Print Money, Quantitative Easing, John Law, American Revolution, French Revolution, Paying Taxes](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/23-1700s-Paper-p161-162.webp)
John Law – Quantitative Easing
John Law – Banker to Louis XV • Prints Paper Notes • Duc d’Orleans • Adam Smith • Banque Royale • The System • Compagnie de l’Occident • Ecu de Banque • Law buys France’s National Debt with Printed Bank Notes • Stock Market Collapse • Mississippi Bubble
![John Law Quantitative Easing, Banking Experiment in France, Adam Smith, Law’s “The System”](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/23-1700s-Paper-p163-165-1.webp)
John Law – Printing Money
Buoyant Stock Market Supported by Printing Paper Notes • Ownership of Silver & Gold Outlawed • Collapse of Paper Notes & Inflation • New France – Canada’s Paper Card Money • Hudson’s Bay Company • Louisiana Cent – Colonies Francais • Louis XV Crown Ecu
![John Law, Quantitative Easing, Law’s Banque Generale, Banque Royale Paper Livres Notes, Louis XIV La Fronde,](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/23-1700s-Paper-p163-165-2.webp)
Financing of American Revolution
Congress Finances Revolution by Printing Continentals “Backed by the Milled Spanish Silver Dollar” that become Worthless • Not worth a Continental
![American Revolution, Devaluation of Continental Currency, Not Worth a Continental, US Revolution](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/23-1700s-Paper-p166-168-1.webp)
Devaluation of Continental
Devaluation of the First US Paper Money • The Continental Currency • Congress, years later pays Pennies per Dollar Debt • “Not Worth a Continental” = Worthless • Federal Reserve Dollar debasement – 96% since 1913
![Continental Currency, Devaluation of Continental Currency](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/23-1700s-Paper-p166-168-1b.webp)
French Revolution & Elites
Louis XVI • France Bankrupt • États- Généraux • Elite Refuse to Pay Taxes • Taxed Poor Revolt • Montesquieu • Voltaire • Bourbons • Marie Antoinette • Tale of Two Cities – Invention of Guillotine: “Liberty, equality, fraternity, or Death, which is the easiest to bestow, O’Guillotine.” Charles Dickens solving social problems.
Voltaire Wrote: “The comfort of the rich depends upon an abundant supply of poor.”
![France Bankrupt, French Revolution, Etats-Generax, Three Estates, Voltaire, Bourbons, Marie Antoinette, Guillotine, Assignat, Printing Money, Hyperinflation, Napoleon](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/23-1700s-Paper-p166-168-2.webp)
French Revolution – Paper Assignats
Printing of Assignat Paper Notes • First Limited Printing • Economy Revives • Second Printing to Help Revival • Third Printing • Fourth Printing • Mississippi Bubble • Hyperinflation & Burning of Notes to Reduce Quantity Outstanding • Napoleon takes Power – Abolishes Paper Notes – Only used Silver & Gold Coins
Napoleon said: “When a government is dependent upon bankers for money, they and not the government control the situation, since the hand that gives is above the hand that takes.”
![French Revolution](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/23-1700s-Paper-p166-168-3.webp)
Tragic History of Paper Money
Purchasing Power of All Paper Money Goes to Zero
![Tragic History of Paper Money, Chinese Paper Note, Ming Dynasty Bank Note, Printing Money](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/23-1700s-Paper-p169-171.webp)
24 British Empire Industrialization
Britain World Naval Power after the Fall of Napoleon • Britain Forces China to Buy Opium • Industrial Revolutions • Colonialism & Globalization • Siberian Gold Floods Europe • Pressure on Gold & Silver Ratio
![British Empire, Industrialization, Decline of Bimetallism, Russian Gold Rush, Globalization, California Gold Rush, Australian Gold Rush](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/24-1800-1914-BritishEmp-p172-175.webp)
Gold Rushes & Bimetallism under Pressure
Silver Demonetized • Intrinsic Value of Gold • Gold for Coins • Gold Sovereign World Trade Currency • German Empire • Franco-Prussian War • German Empire • Japan Industrializes & Becomes Pacific Sea Power • Paris Social Unrest • Adoption of Gold Standard • End of Bimetallism • US – Spanish War • US Invades the Philippines • World War I • End of the Treaty of Westphalia Concepts • US Naval World Sea Power
![Gold Standard, Demonetization of Silver, Sovereign Coin, Gold Toman Coin, Egypt Gold Lira Coin](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/24-1800-1914-BritishEmp-p176-179.webp)
25 American Century
American Century & Socialism
Robber Barons • Century of Extremes • Rise of Socialism • Russian Unrest • Communism • US Gilded Era • US – unfettered Monopolies
![American Century, Russian Revolution, Socialism & Communism, Class Struggle, Reichsbank Banknote](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/25-1914-2000-Amer-p180-181-1.webp)
Century of Extremes: Panic of 1907
US Gold Standard • Panic of 1907 Bankrupts some Banks & Panics the Elite • Bankers Lobby for a Central Bank – that they control • WW I • End of Russian Empire • German Post WWI Inflation • The Great Depression • Rise of Hitler • Ownership of Gold Outlawed in US • World War II • Keynes & Debauching of Currency
![Century of Extremes, Panic of 1907, Panic of 2007, WWI](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/25-1914-2000-Amer-p180-181-2.webp)
Federal Reserve Debasements 1913-2020
Perpetual Paper Money Printing • Precious Metal Price Manipulation • Trump Explaining Debt: “Print money to pay back debt.” • Greenspan: “Deficit spending is simply a scheme for the “hidden” confiscation of wealth. Gold stands in the way of this insidious process. Gold stands as a protector of property rights.”
![Federal Reserve Debasement, Fiat Currency, Inflation of Banknotes, Destiny of all Paper Money, Perpetual Inflation, US World Power](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/25-1914-2000-Amer-p184-1.webp)
26 History of British Coins
British Coins & Sterling
Pre-Roman Gold & Silver Rings & Neck Torques • Celtic Coins • Boudica • Roman Coins • Roman Mining • To World Naval Power • International Trade Gold Sovereign • Decline after WW I
![History of English Coins, Celtic Coins, Britannia, Roman Mining in Britain](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/26-England-p185-187.webp)
Post-Roman Revival – Offa Coins
British Isles Coins Saxon Coins • Wessex • Anglo Saxon Invasions • Offa Silver Penny & 10 Pence = 1 Shilling & 20 Shillings = One Pound • Alfred the Great • Vikings • Norman Conquest • Merchant Debt Collection • First Mining Commission since Roman Times • Gold Noble • Mini Ice Age • Tally Stick • Edward III Bankrupts Italian Banks • First Sovereign • Bimetallic Ratio Problem • Monetary Inquiry • Recoinage
![Offa of Mercia Coins, OFFA REX, Silver Penny Coin, Pound Sterling Monetary System](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/26-England-p188-191.webp)
Henry VIII & Debasement of Coins
Wolsey, Master of the Mint • Further Debasement of Silver Coins by over 75% • Forced Loans from Merchants & Pawnshops • Bimetallism Problems • Quality Coins Lost to the Continent
![Henry VII Coins, Henry VII Groat, Henry VII Gold Sovereign, House of Tudor, Wolsey Master of Mint, Henry VIII Tournai Coin](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/26-England-p192-193.webp)
Piracy & Start of Empire
Elizabeth I • Pirates provide Silver & Gold for Coinage • Spain & French Merchant Ships attacked by Privateers • Colonial Expansion • James I & Charles I Gold:Silver ratio Monetary Problems • Struggle between King & Parliament • English Civil War • Cromwell takes Power • Debasement of Coins – Massive Inflation • Free Trade in Precious Metals • Free Coin • Recoinage • Moneychangers • Goldsmiths (Bankers) Clip Coins & export Quality Coins • International Trade Payments using Gold & Silver • East India Company becomes de facto ruler of Northern India – grows opium that is smuggled to China.
![Philip & Mary Gold Angel Coin, Sir Francis Drake in California, Elizabeth I Half Pound Coin, Sir Francis Drake Map, Queen Elizabeth I](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/26-England-p194-195.webp)
Bank of England Banknotes
Bank of England • Banknotes backed by Gold • Bubble Act • Sir Isaac Newton & Gold:Silver ratio favoring Gold • South Sea Bubble • Capture of French Treasure Fleet increases Money Supply • Deficit problems • Bank of England prints Paper Notes with no Gold Backing • BofE notes sporadically not Convertible for Gold or Silver • South Sea Bubble • Sir Isaac Newton – Master of the Mint – Establishes Gold:Silver ratio that favors Gold
![Bank of England Established 1694, Bank of England Five Shillings Dollar Coin, Letter of Credit, Promissory Note Act 1704, Bank of England Banknotes](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/26-England-p199-200.webp)
Gold:Silver Ratios
Underweight Coins – Money Changers (banks) Export Quality Coin • Recoinage Bimetallic Problems • American Revolution • Minting of Silver Coins Suspended • Bank Restrictions • Monometallic Theory • Boulton’s Soho Mint • The Copper Cartwheel Coin • Bronze/Brass Private Token Money • Coinage Law 1816 • Britain moves to Gold Standard • New Gold Sovereign Replaces Gold Guinea
![George III 5 Guineas Coin, George II Gold Sovereign Coin, Underweight Coins](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/26-England-p202-203.webp)
End of Empire
Gold Sovereign World Trade Currency • Britain International Hegemon – rules the waves & makes the rules • Opium Wars • Chinese Opium Trade provides Silver • Coinage Act 1870 • Peak of Empire 1871 • End of Pound convertibility to Gold • WWI – End of Empire • Transfer of Power to US • US Dollar Becomes International Trade Currency
![Peak of British Empire, Canada 50¢ Coin, US Dollar becomes Trade Currency, Battle of Belmont - Defeat of Boers](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/26-England-p204-205.webp)
27 US Dollar Reserve Currency
US Dollar – Trade Currency
US Dollar – International Trade Currency • Bankers’ Federal Reserve • End of Gold Standard & Silver Coins • Corporate Bailouts & Quantitative Easing & Printing Money • Post Capitalism
![John Pierpont Morgan, Robber Baron, Panic of 1907, US Dollar International Trade Currency](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/27-US-Dollar-p207a-1.webp)
![John Pierpont Morgan, Thomas Jefferson & Banks Issuing Money, First Bank of the United States](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/27-US-Dollar-p207-1.webp)
Colonial Currency
Wampum • Counterfeiting of Wampum by Colonists • Wampum Market Collapse • Massachusetts Bay Colony Coins • Spanish Milled Dollar – Eight Bites • Colonies Print Notes that Inflate Away • Slaves considered an Asset by New York Bankers
![Colonial Currency, Wampum, Piece of Eight, Massachusetts Paper Notes, Slaves to be Sold, Massachusetts Bay Company, John Hall Mint Silver Sixpence, Spanish Milled Dollar Coin, Cut Bits](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/27-US-Dollar-p208.webp)
Benjamin Franklin – Paper Money
Benjamin Franklin favors Paper Notes because they help “Business” • Franklin said the British Empire “was the greatest political structure human wisdom ever yet erected” • Revolution • Continental Congress 1775 • “Continentals” finance Revolution • “Continentals” backed by Spanish Milled Dollar • Devaluation of the Continental the first US Paper Money • Early US coins
![Revolution, Benjamin Franklin & Paper Money, Virginia Currency, Financing Revolution, Continental Congress](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/27-US-Dollar-p209.webp)
Gold Rushes
Coinage Act 1834 • Panic of 1837 • Appalachian Gold & Silver Rushes • First Gold Coin – the Brasher Doubloon • California Gold Rush • California Fractional Coins • Pacific Gold Standard during Civil War
![Coinage Act of 1834, Appalachian Gold & Silver, Morrill Tariffs, North Carolina Gold](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/27-US-Dollar-p211.webp)
Civil War Paper Money
Union prints Greenbacks • Shin Plasters • Fractional Paper Notes • Demand Notes • Running the Press • Price of Gold Rises • Gold Coins Disappear • The North Won & Greenbacks were Redeemable for Gold at a Later Date
![US Civil War Banknotes, Greenbacks, Legal Tender Act, National Banking Act, Legal Tender, Uncle Sam Prints Banknotes, Samuel P. Chase Treasury Secretary, Demand Notes 1861, Unites States Notes 1862](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/27-US-Dollar-p212.webp)
Tobacco Currency
Confederate South print Greybacks • Counterfeit Notes printed by the North • Postal Currency • Copperheads • Tobacco Currency • Rag Money • South Lost War & Confederate Notes become Worthless
![Copperheads, Tobacco Currency, Rag Money, Postage Currency, Daniel Webster Secretary of State](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/27-US-Dollar-p213.webp)
Robber Baron Era
Robber Barons manipulate Markets • Overprint Shares • Manipulate Prices • Corner Gold • Social Unrest & Strikes • Silver Trade Dollar for Chinese Trade • Gold Manipulation – 1869 Black Friday • Long Depression 1873 • Jay Gould • Gold Standard Act 1900 • JP Morgan • Crash of 1901- Speculative Banking Crisis • Panic of 1907 • Bankers Lobby for National Bank
![Robber Baron Era, Long Depression 1873-1896, Gold Half Dollar Coin, Jay Gould Robber Baron, Gold Standard Act](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/27-US-Dollar-p215.webp)
Federal Reserve
Panic of 1907 • Aldrich-Vreeland Act 1908 • Creation of Federal Reserve – to protect banks • Fed owned by Banks • Social Unrest • JP Morgan & Co. Bomb kills15+ • President McKinley Assassinated • Companies use Strike Breakers
![Creation of Federal Reserve](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/27-US-Dollar-p218.webp)
1929 & Gold Confiscation
International Monetary Devaluations • Trade Wars • FDR Banking Holiday • Executive Order 6102 1933 – Confiscation of Gold • Slackers prosecuted • Fort Knox Gold Depository • Fort Knox has never been Audited • Food Stamps issued to Help Farmers • Depression ends with World War II • Bretton Woods Agreement • US Dollar becomes World Reserve Currency • Dollar backed by Gold at $35 per Ounce • Start of Pax America & US Golden Age
![FDR Seizure of Gold 1933, FDR Executive Order 6102 1933, Emergency Bank Act 1933](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/27-US-Dollar-p222-223.webp)
Silver Panic 1960s
Vietnam War increases Debt & Inflation • Hoarding of Silver Coins • Silver Panic • Silver Reaches $1.29 – the coin melting price • Coinage Act 1965 eliminates Silver Coins • Hunt Brothers are Squeezed • Silver Coins disappear after 2500 Years
![Silver Coin Panic 1960s, Kennedy Half Dollar, Silver Certificates, Coinage Act of 1965, Hunt Brothers, Hoarding of Silver, Silver Peace Dollar, Run on Silver](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/27-US-Dollar-p224-225.webp)
Gold Window Closed 1971
Nixon closes Gold Window 1971 • End of US Golden Age • US sells Bullion Coins
![Nixon Closes Gold Window 1971, Charles de Gaulle, End of Gold Standard, Smithsonian Agreement, Official Gold Holdings](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/27-US-Dollar-p226-227.webp)
Panic of 2007
With the Imminent collapse of the World economies the White House Panics
Paulson said: “We have an archaic financial regulatory structure that came in place after the Depression; it really needs to be rebuilt.” Banks lobbied against change because it would affect their business • Bankers Not Jailed • Fed Prints Billions to bail-out Bankrupt Banks & Corporations • Home owners had houses seized by corporations with access to cheap money • US Dollars have value only to the extent that they are strictly limited in supply. Ben Bernanke 2002
![Bank Secrecy Act of 1970, Panic of 2007, The Great Recession, Glass-Steagall Act 1934](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/27-US-Dollar-p228-229.webp)
Devaluation of US$
US Dollar purchasing Power Decline • Dilemma of US Dollar being a Reserve Currency • Printing of Money to Finance Deficits • Bailouts of Corporate America while the people fend for themselves.
![Greenspan, Ben Bernanke, Federal Reserve, US Dollar Purchasing Power, Countrywide Mortgage, Bush Whitehouse Speech 2008, Reserve Currency Problems, International Liquidity](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/27-US-Dollar-p230-231.webp)
28 Age of Populism & Extremes
Shay’s Rebellion • Populist Ron Paul – “US Corporations export Jobs” • Hillary Clinton’s famous: “The Deplorables” • The Rise of Fake News • The insanity of Crowds • “Detestation of the high is the involuntary homage of the low.” Charles Dickens
Populism: Ambiguous term applied to restive political mass movements whose common denominator is the resentment of the elite class.
![Populism, Disruption, Extremes, Robespierre, Rousseau, Montesquieu, Mob Rule, Plato & Epistemology, “The Deplorables”, Shay’s Rebellion, Growing Inequality, William Jennings Bryan, Ross Perot, The American Dream, World Government,](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/28-Populism-p233-235.webp)
29 China 2700 Years of Coins
Regional Wars • Unification of China • Imperial China • Casting Brass Coins • Large Population • China as a Nation State • Heritage of Qin & Han Empires • The Great Wall • Mandate of Heaven • Chinese Money – Cowrie Shells – Knife Money – Spade Money – Gold Ying Yuan Pieces – Jade Disks – Pearls – Silver Objects – Ant Nose Money – Bell Money – Leather • Banliang (Cash) Coins • Chinese Population Growth • Emperor Wang Mang outlaws private gold • Early Fiat Token Coins
Napoleon, in 1817, said…
“Let China sleep, for when she wakes, she will shake the World” … “in a war with China, Britain would doubtlessly, at first, succeed” … “but China will learn from these defeats” … “and decide to render themselves equal to them and build a fleet that will eventually defeat their Western adversaries.”
![China 2700 Years of Coins, Middle Kingdom, China Map 1602, Wanguo Qiantu Map, How China Sees the World Map, Knife Money, Cowrie Shells, Spade Money, Cash Coins](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/29-China-p238-241.webp)
Roman & Han Chinese Empires
Roman & Chinese Coins • Rome: Struck Gold, Silver, Brass Coins • China: Cast Brass Coins • Silver Sycee & Gold traded by Weight • Jade traded by Quality Characteristics • Value of Gold & Silver • Cast weighed Silver Ingots • Tea Brick Trade Good • Sui Dynasty • Tang Currency • Tang Taxes • Promissory Notes & Bank Notes • Tang Coin Melting • Copper Restrictions • Song Paper Money • Export & smuggling of Coins to Japan • Song Iron Coins
![Han Empire & Roman Empire Map, Han Dynasty, Tang Paper Notes, Cast Coins](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/29-China-p242-243.webp)
Kublai Khan Paper Money
Silk Road to Persia & Constantinople • Mongol Empire – Yuan Dynasty • Kublai Khan unites China • Bamboo Money – Silk Skein Money • Marco Polo describes Kublai Khan’s Paper Money • Inflation • Selling of Gold & Silver by Foreign Traders • Great Fleet travels to Africa • Japanese Piracy • Fall of Yuan Dynasty
![Kublai Khan’s Paper Money, Silk Skein Money, Printing Paper Money - Marco Polo](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/29-China-p244-245.webp)
Opium Wars
Britain, was on an effective Gold Standard & China was on the Silver Standard • Britain needed Silver to buy Chinese Tea, Silk, & China • To help its Balance of Trade and acquire Silver Britain plants Opium in Northern India near Calcutta • The East India Company operates Opium Plantations using indentured/slave labor • China was not a major Opium consuming Nation but the EIC and the British Navy Smuggle Opium into China in Exchange for Silver Coin (mainly Spanish Pesos & Ingots) • This Silver paid for British Imports from China • American Clipper Ships enter into the China “Trade” • Prominent American Families participated in the China Trade • China resisted. West declared the Opium Wars, which the Chinese Lost • Colonization of Parts of China • Taiping Rebellion • Boxer Rebellion • End of Qing Dynasty
![Opium Wars, China Trade, Piracy, Treaty of Nanking, Boxer Rebellion](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/29-China-p248-249.webp)
Foreign Coins China
Production of Coins • Spanish Silver Carolus Dollars (with chop marks) • Mexican Silver Dollar • US Silver Dollar • US Trade Dollar • Saigon Dollar • Japanese Silver Yen/Dollar • Hong Kong Dollar • Indian Silver Dollar • Maria Theresa Thaler • End of Qing Dynasty • Republic of China • Sino-Japanese War • People’s Republic of China • Chinese Communist Party – a new Dynasty
![Foreign Coins in China, Coin Production in China, Spanish Carolus Dollars, US Trade Dollar, Japanese Gold Mines, Japan Gold Koban](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/29-China-p250-251.webp)
Made in China 2025
New Chinese plan for self-sufficiency & domination of Industrial Sectors • The World has a Thucydides Trap Reaction
![Made in China 2025](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/29-China-p252-253.webp)
China Silk Road v2.0
Overland Heartland Silk Road protected from Sea Powers • South Sea Route • Arctic Sea Route • Silk Road Area population of 4.4 Billion • 1/3 of World Economy • Oil & Natural Gas Pipelines
![One Belt One Road Map. New Silk Road Map, “The Heartland” Map](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/29-China-p254.webp)
30 Theories of World Power
Mahan’s Sea Power vs The Heartland
Geopolitics • Sea Power vs. The Heartland • Roosevelt’s White Fleet • Mahan’s Sea Power • Annex Hawaii • Britain (World Sea Power) Invades Afghanistan (primitive tribes) and is Defeated • Afghanis were never defeated by a Sea Power • Genghis Khan Mongol Empire • Russo-Japanese War
![Theories of World Power, Sea Power vs Land Power, Genghis Khan Coin, Japanese Navy, A. T. Mahan’s Sea Power Theory, Roosevelt’s White Fleet](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/30-Heartland-p256-257.webp)
Mackinder’s The Heartland Land Power
Mackinder’s Heartland Theory • Heartland dominates the World • Steppe People of Heartland • Geographic Perspective • Nicholas Spykman – Rimland Theory • Hun expansion into Roman Empire from the Heartland • Great Eurasian Heartland • Time span of Land & Sea Empires
Mackinder’s Heartland Theory
Who controls Eastern Europe rules the Heartland
Who controls the Heartland rules the World-Island
Who rules the World-Island rules the World
Zbigniew Brzezinski, wrote in Foreign Affairs, in 1997 that; “the US should pay attention of a possible cooperation between China, Russia, and Iran because they might dominate Eurasia.”
![Halford John Mackinder’s Heartland Theory Map, The Heartland Pivot, Steppe People, Hun Migrations](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/30-Heartland-p259-260.webp)
31 Cashless Society
Elimination of Currency • No more $1000 or $10,000 Notes • Gregory Mankiw’s withdrawal scheme of US Paper Notes • The risks of No Currency in times of Emergency – power failure, civil strife, etc.
![Cashless Society, Security with Cashless Society](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/31-Cashless-p262.webp)
32 Cryptocurrency
Bitcoin – Nakamoto Paper
Launch of Bitcoin • Small Units of Bitcoin • Bubbles Timeline – Tulip Bubble – Mississippi Bubble – South Sea Bubble • Beanie Baby Bubble – Dot -com Bubble – US Housing Bubble • Mining of Bitcoin • Miner payment Scale • Miner transaction Fees • Encryption • Catastrophe Theory • Digital Cash Transactions • Blockchain Forks • Bitcoin Cash • Bitcoin Price • Key Cracking • Quantum Computing • Tumbling • Electricity Costs • Mt. Gox • Facebook’s LIBRA • ICO – Initial Coin Offering • Cryotocurrency a Bubble?
![Cryptocurrency, Satoshi Nakamoto Paper, Bitcoin](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/32-Crypto-p263.webp)
Bitcoin Timeline
![Cryptocurrency Timeline, Genesis Block, Two Pizzas, Blockchain Fork, Units of Bitcoin, Mining Bitcoin, Libra, Mt. Gox](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/32-Crypto-p266-267.webp)
33 California Geology
Paleozoic Eon • Cretaceous Period • Tertiary Period
![Hydraulic Mining California, California Gold Rush Geology](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/33-CA-Geolog-p270-271.jpg.webp)
Sierra Nevada Gold Geology
Sierra Nevada Uplift • New River Direction • Erosion & New Placer Deposits • Glacial Action • Californian Gold Deposition • River Valley Lava Flows • Ancient River Channels Filled • Lava Caps • Volcano Core • Landscape Erosion
![Geology of Sierra Nevada, Ancient Rivers, Tertiary Period, Old Volcanoes, Lava Flows, River Gold Deposits, Lava Caps & Gold](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/33-CA-Geolog-p272-273.jpg.webp)
California Gold Deposits
Ancient River Placers • Present River Channels • Elevated Ancient Deposits • Yuba Valley Erosion • Tertiary Riverbed Uplift • Tertiary Shale • Placer Classification • Sierra Nevada Placer Deposits • Table Mountain Geology • Tuolune County • Spanish Peak • Mother Lode • Sandbar Deposit
![California Geology, Gold Deposits, Ancient River Channel Gold, Tertiary Gravels](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/33-CA-Geolog-p274-275.jpg.webp)
34 California Gold Rush
California Gold Chronology • Sir Francis Drake; “They assert that the land is rich and gold.” • Mineral Report 1847 • Malaria Illness Months • Reports from US Consul at Monterey: “… vast tract of land containing gold.” • Sailors abandon Ships to go to Gold Fields • Private striking of California Gold Coins • Mormon Miners strike Mormon Gold Coins
![Annual Production of California Gold 1840-1965](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/34-CA-History-p277.jpg.webp)
Chronology
California Gold Chronology • Sir Francis Drake; “They assert that the land is rich and gold.” • Mineral Report 1847 • Malaria Illness Months • Reports from US Consul at Monterey: “… vast tract of land containing gold.” • Sailors abandon Ships to go to Gold Fields • Private striking of California Gold Coins • Mormon Miners strike Mormon Gold Coins
![California Gold Rush Migration, J. D. Dana Minerology,](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/34-CA-History-p278-279.jpg.webp)
Getting to California
Getting to California • Crossing the “Great American Desert” – Isthmus of Panama – Cape Horn • Glowing reports on Gold Region • Mining promotion/scams • California Gold floods World – Increase in money supply & inflation • Famous Nuggets • Violence • Water Claims • Claim System • Sutter’s Mill • Stream Flow Factors • Hydraulic Washing • Diary of a ‘49er • Flash Floods
![Getting to California, Crossing Great American Desert, Crossing the Isthmus of Panama, Travelling around Cape Hor](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/34-CA-History-p282.jpg.webp)
Mercury Amalgamation
Amalgamation • Retorts • California Gold Coins • San Francisco Mint • Leaving California • Hydraulic Mining • Transporting Gold • Panic of 1857
![Native Mercury, Amalgamation, Gold Retort, Amalgam Retort](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/34-CA-History-p293.jpg.webp)
35 Cariboo British Columbia
Cariboo Gold Rush – British Columbia
Vancouver • Arrival of California Argonauts • Manifest Dynasty • Fraser River Gold Rush • Indian Troubles • Small Pox • Prospecting Strategy • Coarse Gold Upstream • Rush to Find Source • Sandbars & Float Gold • Cycle of Stream Erosion • Grubstake • Pack Horses • Claim Jumping • Cycle of Erosion • Oregon Boundary Dispute • Cariboo Geology • Crossing Continental Divide • Pay Streaks • Barkerville • Cariboo Cameron dug to depth of 80 feet • Slough Creek Mining Problems
![Cariboo Gold Rush, Gravels on Bedrock, Pay Streak, Cariboo Gold](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/36-Alaska.jpg.webp)
36 Alaska & Klondike Geology
Before Tertiary & Pleistocene Period • Peneplain • Glacial Periods • Classification of Alaska & Yukon Placers • Alaska Placer Gold Characteristics • History of Alaska Gold • Fortymile River • Klondike • Nome & Seward Peninsula • Fairbanks District
![Alaska & Klondike Geology, Alaska Gold Rush, Classification of Placers](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/36-Alaska.jpg.webp)
37 Fortymile River Gold Rush
Fortymile River Basin Geology • Glacial Action • Volcanic Ash & Terraces • Bench Placers • Source of Gold • North Fork River • South Fork River • Streams & Placers • Creek & Valley Deposits • Alluvial Gravel Types
![Fortymile Gold Rush, Forty Mile River, Fortymile Gold Geology](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/37-Fortymile-p306-307.jpg.webp)
Fortymile River Alaska
Yukon Gold Country • Forty Mile Trading Post • Sixteen Liars & Bonanza Bar • Klondike Discovery • Finding Vein by Loaming • Study of Float • Winter Panning • Mining Laws • Float • High Terrace Gravels • Alluvial Gravels
![Yukon Gold Country, Fortymile & Klondike Discoveries](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/37-Fortymile-p309-1.jpg.webp)
38 The Klondike
Chilcoot Pass • Yukon River Mining • Klondike Gold Rush • Over 10 Million oz have been Recovered • Placer Classification • Bench/Terrace Gravel • Creek Gravels • River Bars • Placer Deposits • Placer Evaluation
![Klondike Gold Rush, Klondike Map](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/38-Klondike-p314-315.jpg.webp)
Bonanza Creek
Bonanza Creek Tributary of the Klondike River • Dawson City • Bonanza Creek Hotel • Greatest Gold Rush in Canada • Comparative placer deposits – Sierra Nevada – Klondike – Nome Alaska • Gold Hill • Eldorado Creek – Cheechaco Hill • Drift Adit • Dredging • North-West Mounted Police • Retort Sponge Gold • Mud Box
![Klondike Gold Rush, Bonanza Creek Gold, Eldorado Fork Gold](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/38-Klondike-p320-321.jpg.webp)
39 Seward Peninsula & Nome Beach
Seward Peninsula – Alaska Gold Rush
Geology – Mesozoic Era – Early Tertiary • Tertiary Lava Flows • Pleistocene Glacial Activity • Ice Age Seward Peninsula forming of Bendeleben Mountains • Anvil & Glacier Creek Placer Gold • Nome Beach • Costal Plain Gold Deposits • Beach Placers • Influx of Prospectors • Legality of Claims & Claim Jumping • Miners’ Meeting • Tundra Claims • Nome Cost of Living
![Seward Peninsula & Nome Beach Gold Rush, Nome Beach Gold, Nome Gold Placers](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/39-Seward-p324-325.jpg.webp)
Nome Beach Placers
Testing Placer Gravels • Third Beach Placers • Test Pits • Beach Gold Characteristics • Coastal Erosion • Nome East & West Beaches • Lowest Beach • Submarine Placers • Delta Placers • Braided Stream
![Nome Beach Map, Lowest Beach Gold, Shore Gold Placer, Braided Stream Gold](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/39-Seward-p326-327.jpg.webp)
40 Fairbanks District Gold
Bonnifield Placer District • Kantishna Placer District • Totatlanika Creek • Homestake Creek • Jumbo Dome
![Fairbanks Gold District Map](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/40-Fairbanks.jpg.webp)
41 Dredging
Bucket Dredge
California River Pacer Gold • Bucket Line Dredge • Dragline Washing Plant • Trommel • Dragline • California-Type Dredge • Cutter Dredge
![Gold Bucket Dredge, Gold Bucket Line Dredge, Trommel, California River Gold Dredge](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/41-Dredging-p330-331-1.jpg.webp)
Suction Dredge
Weekend Hydraulic Floating Dredge • Float • Pontoons • Engine • Pumping Water • Priming • Venturi Pressure Jet • Weekend Dredge Sluice • Hypothermia
![Hydraulic Suction Dredge, Diving Suction Dredge, Dredge Preparation, Priming Pump, US Army Back Rack](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/41-Dredging-p330-331-2.jpg.webp)
42 Trommel Drum Sluice
Weekend Mobile Trommel • Mining Cylinder Trommel • Size Classification • Mesh Size • Scrubber • Screen
![Trommel, Drum Sluice, Weekend Trommel, Mesh Size](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/42-Trommel-p332-333-1.jpg.webp)
Panning – Working Long Tom
Working Long Tom • Long Tom Setup • Classification of Gold • Mesh Size • Steps in Panning
![Panning for Gold, Steps in Panning, Gold Particle Size](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/42-Trommel-p332-333-2.jpg.webp)
![Working a Long Tom for Gold](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/42-Trommel-p332-333-2a.jpg.webp)
43 Comstock Lode Nevada
Geology • Hydrothermal Activity • Faults • Blue-Black Mud • Bounded Silver • Sulfides • Mining Law • Grosh Brothers • Mining Comstock Lode • Ophir Claim • Washoe Process • Cyanide Leaching
The great “Comstock Lode” stretched its opulent length straight through Virginia City from North to south, and every mine on the lode was in diligent process of development. The Gould & Curry Mine alone employed six hundred and seventy-five men… Often we felt our chairs jar, and heard the faint boom down in the bowels of the earth… Mark Twain 1872
![Comstock Silver Mine, Comstock Geology Map, Comstock Lode](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/43-Comstock-p336.jpg.webp)
Comstock Mine Cross Section
Square Set Timber Construction • Veins • Tools • Lifts
![Comstock Square Set Timber Framing](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/43-Comstock-p338-339.jpg.webp)
Working Mine
Lifting Cage • Low Grade Ore • Flooding • Ventilation • Hot Water Death • Vapor • Cave-Ins • Fire • Sutro Tunnel • Virginia City Fire
![Comstock Big Bonanza, Comstock Silver Mining Technology](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/43-Comstock-p340-342.jpg.webp)
Transporting Ore
Hauling Ore • Horse Teams • Road Maintenance • Camels • Stage Coach Robbers
![Comstock Transporting Silver Ore, Comstock Horse Teams, Comstock Hauling Silver Ore](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/43-Comstock-p348-Transport.jpg.webp)
44 Historic Mines
Historic Underground Mines
Milling • Ore Refining Sequence • Chemical Extraction • Leaching • Lost Horse Gold Mine
![Historic Gold Mines, Thaler Mine Silver Coin, Agricola Gold Ore Stamp Battery, Feeding Gold Ore into Battery](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/44-Hist-Mines-p350-364.jpg.webp)
Gold Ore Crusher
1500s Mechanized Gold Extraction • Mining Compass • Dumpy Level & Surveying • Jaw Crusher • Arrastra • Ball Mill • Rod Mill
![Mechanized Gold Extraction 1500s, Swedish Mining Compass, Lost Horse Gold Mine, Mining Dumpy Level](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/44-Hist-Mines-p350-364-4-Gld-Ore-Crusher.jpg.webp)
Chemical Extraction
Washoe Process • Chlorination • Cyanide Process • Bubble Flotation • Grinding • Slime
![Chemical Extraction of Precious Metals, Washoe Process, Chlorination, Gold Cyanide Process, Flotation, Slime Separation, Grinding Ore](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/44-Hist-Mines-p350-364-11-1.jpg.webp)
Leaching
Leaching • Crushing • Milling • Cyanide Process • Gold-Cyanide Solution • Agitator Tank • Sulfides • Heap Leaching • Vat Leaching
![Gold Leaching, Steps in Gold Leaching, Crushing Gold Ore, Ball Mill, Agitator Tank, Gold-cyanide Solution, Steel Jaw Crusher](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/44-Hist-Mines-p350-364-12-1.jpg.webp)
Milling Ore
Crushing • Gyratory Crusher
![Crushing Gold Ore, Gold Ore Gyrator Crusher, Ore Conveyor Belt](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/44-Hist-Mines-p365-368-2-copy.jpg.webp)
Desert Dry Washer
Winnowing • Dry Screening • Dry Washer • Dry Vacuuming • Dry Placers • Placer Site Logbook Entries
![Desert Panning, Gold Dry Washing, Gold Dry Vacuuming, Gold Winnowing, Gold Dry Panning, Coolgardie, San Bernardino dry placer gold deposits](http://exxa.com/empiresandmoney/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/44-Hist-Mines-p365-368-4-1.jpg.webp)
Empires & Money: Gold, Paper Money, Crypto – Money & Fall of Empires • Paul Tawrell • ISBN 978 1 896713 02 1 • Format: 8.375” x 10.875” • Page Count: 384 pages • Four Color: 16 pages & Duotone: 368 pages • US Price: $39.95 • OVER 4000 Images © 2020/2021 Leonard Paul Tawrell